Bolts, nuts and wrenches
Cars made in Europe have metric threaded parts, but cars made in America or England may have inch threads. Bolts with inch threads have a circular recess on the top surface of the head, and nuts have a chain of round indentations on one of the faces. Parts with metric threads are marked with the letters M or ISO M (figure 9).
It is important that the spanner is exactly the right size for the bolt head or nut, otherwise the edges of the nut will be crushed and it will be impossible to unscrew it. To unscrew tightly tightened and rusted nuts, use open-end or socket wrenches, as they provide significantly more force than open-end wrenches. Rusted threads should be treated with a special penetrating compound ("liquid wrench").
Special devices and techniques for performing basic repair operations
The pictures below show the simplest tools that can be useful when removing bushings, bearings, seals, broken studs, etc.
(The information is available on the website vwmanual.ru)
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