Bolts, nuts and wrenches
Cars made in Europe have metric threads, but cars made in America or England may have inch threads. Bolts with an inch thread have a circular recess on the upper surface of the head, and nuts have a chain of round dents on one of the faces. Parts with metric threads are marked with the letters M or ISO M (pic. 9).
It is important that the wrench fits exactly the size of the bolt head or nut, otherwise the edges of the nut will be crushed and it will become impossible to unscrew it. Use box or socket wrenches to loosen tight and rusted nuts, as they provide much more force than open-end wrenches. Rusted threads should be treated with a special penetrating compound ("liquid key").
Special devices and techniques for performing basic repair operations
The illustrations below show the most basic tools that are useful in removing bushings, bearings, oil seals, broken studs, etc.
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